Bereavement

The emotional reaction following the death of a loved relative or friend. The expression of grief is individual to each person, but there are recognized stages of bereavement, each characterized by a particular attitude. In the first stage, which may last from 3 days to 3 months, there is numbness and an unwillingness to recognize the death. Hallucinations, in which the dead person is seen, are a common experience. Once the numbness wears off, the person may be overwhelmed by feelings of anxiety, anger, and despair that can develop into a depressive illness (see depression). Insomnia, malaise, agitation, and tearfulness are also common. Gradually, but usually within 2 years, the bereaved person adjusts to the loss. Family and friends can often provide support. Outside help may be required and may be given by a social worker, health visitor, member of the clergy, or self-help group. For some people, when depression, apathy, and lethargy impede any chance of recovery, specialized counselling or psychotherapy is necessary. (See also stillbirth.)