Osteoporosis

Loss of bone tissue, causing the bone to become brittle and fracture easily. Bone thinning is a natural part of aging. However, women are especially vulnerable to loss of bone density after menopause, because their ovaries no longer produce oestrogen hormones, which help maintain bone mass. Other causes of osteoporosis include removal of the ovaries; a diet that is deficient in calcium; certain hormonal disorders; prolonged treatment with corticosteroid drugs; and prolonged immobility. Osteoporosis is most common in heavy smokers and drinkers, and in excessively thin people. The first sign of osteoporosis is often a fracture, typically just above the wrist or at the top of the femur. One or several vertebrae may fracture spontaneously and cause the bones to crumble, leading to progressive height loss or pain due to compression of a spinal nerve. Osteoporosis is confirmed using bone X-rays and densitometry. Bone loss can be minimized by adequate dietary calcium, and regular, sustained exercise to build bones and maintain their strength. Long-term hormone replacement therapy after the menopause can prevent osteoporosis in women. Bisphosphonate drugs may be given to prevent bone loss.