Feeding, artificial

The administration of nutrients other than by mouth, usually by way of a tube passed through the nose into the stomach or small intestine. If long-term artificial feeding is anticipated, a tube is inserted directly into the stomach or upper small intestine using endoscopic surgery. If the gastrointestinal tract is not functioning, nutrients must be introduced into the bloodstream. This type of feeding is known as parenteral nutrition. Tube feeding may be necessary for people who have gastrointestinal disorders (for example, conditions resulting in malabsorption) or disorders affecting the nervous system or kidneys. Premature babies often require tube feeding if their sucking reflexes are undeveloped, as do critically ill patients due to their increased nutritional requirements. Intravenous feeding is usually given when large areas of the small intestine have been damaged by disease or have been surgically removed.