Bites, animal

Any injury inflicted by the mouthparts of an animal, from the puncture wounds of bloodsucking insects to the massive injuries caused by shark or crocodile attacks. Teeth, especially those of carnivores, can inflict severe and widespread mechanical injury. Severe injuries and lacerations to major blood vessels can lead to severe blood loss and physiological shock. Serious infection may occur due to bacteria in the animal’s mouth; and tetanus is a particular hazard. In countries where rabies is present, any mammal may potentially harbour the rabies virus and transmit it via a bite. Medical advice should be sought for all but minor injuries or if there is a possibility of rabies. Treatment usually includes cleaning and examination of the wound. The wound will usually be left open and dressed. Preventive antibiotic drug treatment and an antitetanus injection may also be given. Antirabies vaccine is given, with immunoglobulin, if there is any possibility that the animal is infected with the rabies virus. (See also bites, human insect bites; snake bites; spider bites; venomous bites and stings.)